High blood pressure

Blood pressure measures the force of blood against the walls of your blood vessels. It fluctuates during the day: when the heart pumps, the pressure is higher, known as 'systolic pressure.' When the heart relaxes, the pressure drops, which is referred to as 'diastolic pressure.' 

Several factors can raise blood pressure. High blood pressure can be dangerous because it puts extra strain on your blood vessels, increasing the risk of heart problems and damage to organs.

Blood pressure is measured in millimetres of mercury pressure (mmHg). Doctors adhere to the following guidelines:

Upper pressure:

• Up to 120 mmHg: ideal blood pressure
• 120-140 mmHg: normal blood pressure
• 140-180 mmHg: high blood pressure
• 180 mmHg or higher: severely high blood pressure

Lower pressure:

• 90 mmHg or lower: ideal blood pressure
• 90 to 110 mmHg: high blood pressure
• 110 mmHg or higher: severely high blood pressure

Blood pressure fluctuates throughout the day and sometimes even throughout the week. It is therefore advised to measure or have your blood pressure measured several times a day over the course of a few days. This will give a good overall picture of your average blood pressure.

Most people with high blood pressure don’t experience symptoms. When symptoms do appear, they may include: 

• Headaches 
• Nausea 
• Fatigue 
• Shortness of breath 
• Restlessness 

Because symptoms are often absent, it’s important to have your blood pressure checked regularly. This helps prevent complications like heart disease. 

There are many factors that can lead to high blood pressure, including: 

• Age: Blood vessels lose flexibility over time, making it harder for them to expand. 
• Family history: If close relatives have high blood pressure, you’re at higher risk. 
• Lifestyle: Poor diet, lack of exercise, stress, smoking, and alcohol consumption all contribute. 
• Pregnancy: High blood pressure can develop during pregnancy. 
• Health conditions: Issues like kidney disease, sleep apnea, and an underactive thyroid can raise blood pressure. 
• Medications: Some medications can increase blood pressure as a side effect. 
• High salt intake: Eating too much salt can cause fluid retention, raising blood pressure. 
• Liquorice consumption: This can lead to fluid retention due to a substance called glycyrrhizin. 

Often, it’s a combination of factors rather than one single cause. 

You can take many steps to reduce your blood pressure, including making lifestyle changes. In some cases, medication may also be needed.

You don’t always need medication right away. Adopting a healthier lifestyle can significantly lower blood pressure: 

• Healthy diet and exercise: Eat nutritious foods and stay active. 
• Lose weight: If you’re overweight, shedding some pounds can help. 
• Quit smoking: Smoking makes blood vessels narrow, raising blood pressure. 
• Reduce stress: Find ways to relax, like meditation or yoga. 

If lifestyle changes aren’t enough, medication may be prescribed. Common options include: 

• ACE inhibitors: These reduce the production of a hormone that tightens blood vessels, making it easier for blood to flow. 
• Angiotensin II blockers: These block a hormone that causes blood vessels to constrict. 
• Calcium blockers: These prevent calcium from entering cells, helping to widen blood vessels and slow the heart rate. 
• Beta blockers: These lower blood pressure by reducing the effects of stress hormones on the heart. 
• Diuretics: Also known as 'water tablets,' they help the kidneys remove excess fluid, reducing blood pressure. 

The best choice depends on factors like your age and any other conditions you have. Sometimes, a combination of medications may be necessary. Regular monitoring is important while taking blood pressure medication, and a doctor will help determine the best approach.